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Healthy individuals' use of prescription drugs taken with the intention to enhance performance in academia or at work and related ethical issues concerning cognitive enhancement have been widely discussed in the academic literatur...
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Healthy individuals' use of prescription drugs taken with the intention to enhance performance in academia or at work and related ethical issues concerning cognitive enhancement have been widely discussed in the academic literature. Qualitative studies have shown that enhanced motivation is one of the most pronounced effects experienced by healthy individuals seeking to boost their academic performance by taking prescription drugs. But bioethicists dealing with the ethical issues of cognitive enhancement have so far neglected to offer ethical analyses paying special attention to the ethics of motivation enhancement. In this article I discuss ethical issues of motivation enhancement induced by currently available prescription drugs. I argue that medically enhanced motivation raises questions concerning the ethics of accomplishment and the value of human effort.
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Blood donation is a process in which person voluntarily donate his blood which can be provided to other needy persons. Blood donation is dependent on many factors like Beliefs, attitudes and motivations. So, the study of these fac...
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Blood donation is a process in which person voluntarily donate his blood which can be provided to other needy persons. Blood donation is dependent on many factors like Beliefs, attitudes and motivations. So, the study of these factors is vital for the continuation ofthe blood from the blood donors and to motivate the non-donors to start donating blood. A decline in blood supply has been seen in the developed countries where donors are voluntary non-remunerated (Hupfer et al., 2005). In the developing countries, blood donations are mostly involuntary and mostly relatives, friends and workmates of patients donate it. Therefore the problem to store the blood still persists (WHO, 2004).
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Data from a community-based multicenter study of motivational enhancement therapy (MET) and counseling as usual (CAU) for outpatient substance users were used to examine questions about the role of the alliance in MET and CAU. Mos...
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Data from a community-based multicenter study of motivational enhancement therapy (MET) and counseling as usual (CAU) for outpatient substance users were used to examine questions about the role of the alliance in MET and CAU. Most (94%) of the sample met diagnostic criteria for abuse or dependence (primarily alcohol and/or cocaine). Sixteen therapists for CAU and 14 for MET participated. No reliable differences in patient ratings (n = 319) on the Helping Alliance Questionnaire-II (HAq-II) were evident for MET compared to CAU, but significant differences between therapists were found within each condition in mean patient-rated HAq-II scores. Overall, average levels of alliance were high. The between-therapists component of the alliance, but not the within-therapist component, was significantly associated with self-reported days of primary substance use during the follow-up period from Week 4 to Week 16 (Cohen's d = 0.39; n = 257). Therapists with either low or very high alliances had relatively poorer average outcomes (quadratic effect, d = 0.44). For therapists in both MET and CAU, increased use of MET fundamental techniques and MET advanced techniques during treatment sessions was associated with higher levels of alliance. Implications of the findings for conceptualization of the alliance and for training of therapists are discussed.
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Background: Research suggests that depressed mood is associated with alcohol-related problems, though its relation with drinking behavior has been inconsistent across studies. Efforts to better understand the link between depresse...
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Background: Research suggests that depressed mood is associated with alcohol-related problems, though its relation with drinking behavior has been inconsistent across studies. Efforts to better understand the link between depressed mood and alcohol use have examined drinking motives as a potentially important moderating variable. The current study sought to examine whether drinking motives moderate the influence of depressed mood on alcohol-related action tendencies. Based on Baker, Morse, and Sherman's (1986) positive and negative reinforcement schema model, two competing moderational hypotheses regarding the influence of depressed mood on appetitive responses for alcohol were tested. Methods: One hundred and sixty-nine college student drinkers completed assessments of drinking motives and alcohol use. Subjects were exposed to a neutral or depressed mood induction followed by a computerized measure of action tendencies toward alcohol stimuli. Results: Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to examine whether the influence of depressed mood on action tendencies toward alcohol was moderated by drinking motives. Results showed that there was a significant interaction between mood induction condition and enhancement motives, such that depressed mood appeared to suppress appetitive responding toward alcohol among those with higher enhancement motives. In contrast, there was no evidence that coping motives moderated the association between mood and appetitive response to alcohol. Conclusions: These results suggest that inhibiting affect states associated with one's motivational disposition for drinking may result in the devaluation of alcohol. Limitations and implications are discussed.
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Anxiety sensitivity (AS), the fear of anxiety and its potential consequences, places individuals at an increased risk for the development of anxiety disorders. While elevated AS is correctable, often through very brief interventio...
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Anxiety sensitivity (AS), the fear of anxiety and its potential consequences, places individuals at an increased risk for the development of anxiety disorders. While elevated AS is correctable, often through very brief interventions, individuals high in AS may be unaware of the risks associated with this risk factor and, therefore, may be unaware or unmotivated to address this potential risk. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the use of motivation enhancement therapy (MET) to enhance motivation to utilize a preventive intervention in a non-intervention seeking population with elevated levels of AS. We examined this issue in a randomized controlled pilot study. Participants (N = 23) were randomized to one of two groups: (1) a MET group (n = 12) group or (2) a control group focused on healthy behaviors (n = 11). Those in the MET group received MET focused on enhancing motivation to reduce AS, whereas those in the control group received psychoeducation about health and general well being. At the end of the study, all of the participants were given the option to receive a computerized intervention previously found to be effective at reducing AS. Results revealed that the MET group had significant changes in motivation to change anxiety and motivation to attend the AS preventative intervention. Moreover, 50 % of individuals in the MET group completed the preventative intervention in comparison to 0 % in the control group. Implications of the findings are discussed.
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Anxiety sensitivity (AS), the fear of anxiety and its potential consequences, places individuals at an increased risk for the development of anxiety disorders. While elevated AS is correctable, often through very brief interventio...
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Anxiety sensitivity (AS), the fear of anxiety and its potential consequences, places individuals at an increased risk for the development of anxiety disorders. While elevated AS is correctable, often through very brief interventions, individuals high in AS may be unaware of the risks associated with this risk factor and, therefore, may be unaware or unmotivated to address this potential risk. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the use of motivation enhancement therapy (MET) to enhance motivation to utilize a preventive intervention in a non-intervention seeking population with elevated levels of AS. We examined this issue in a randomized controlled pilot study. Participants (N = 23) were randomized to one of two groups: (1) a MET group (n = 12) group or (2) a control group focused on healthy behaviors (n = 11). Those in the MET group received MET focused on enhancing motivation to reduce AS, whereas those in the control group received psychoeducation about health and general well being. At the end of the study, all of the participants were given the option to receive a computerized intervention previously found to be effective at reducing AS. Results revealed that the MET group had significant changes in motivation to change anxiety and motivation to attend the AS preventative intervention. Moreover, 50 % of individuals in the MET group completed the preventative intervention in comparison to 0 % in the control group. Implications of the findings are discussed.
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Motivational interviewing (MI) is an effective means of facilitating behavior change in a variety of health conditions. However, given its origins in western psychology, its utility in ethnic populations is unclear. Our objective ...
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Motivational interviewing (MI) is an effective means of facilitating behavior change in a variety of health conditions. However, given its origins in western psychology, its utility in ethnic populations is unclear. Our objective was to examine the effectiveness of MI and its components in people of varying ethnicities and how they may experience MI. We undertook a narrative systematic review of the literature, searching only peer-reviewed research up until February, 2019 with participants who were: >= 18 years of age, belonging to an ethnic origin relevant to Canada's population, and had a health related concern (e.g. drug and alcohol addictions, chronic illness). Four thousand seven hundred and sixty-one citations were retrieved, and ultimately 61 met the inclusion criteria. Cultural acknowledgment and considerations with MI, when described, enhanced effectiveness of MI in most ethnic groups. The length and the number of sessions had no apparent influence on the success of MI. When examined, most study participants reported acceptance of the intervention; however, there were challenges, most notably for Chinese patients. MI can be effective in a variety of ethnic groups, particularly when cultural acknowledgement is included in the process.
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Aims To adapt the four-dimensional Gambling Motives Questionnaire-Revised (GMQ-R) to measure the motivation for engaging in electronic gaming, and to validate the internal structure and investigate the criterion validity of the ne...
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Aims To adapt the four-dimensional Gambling Motives Questionnaire-Revised (GMQ-R) to measure the motivation for engaging in electronic gaming, and to validate the internal structure and investigate the criterion validity of the new Electronic Gaming Motives Questionnaire (EGMQ). Design and setting The GMQ-R was adapted to measure motivation for playing video games and the new instrument was tested on a sample of Norwegian conscripts selected randomly from the pool of conscripts who started their military service between 2013 and 2015. Participants The questionnaire was administered to all those who had played video games during the last 6 months and consisted of 853 gamers (86.8% men, mean age = 19.4 years). Measurements All participants completed the EGMQ, as well as other measures of gaming behaviour, gaming problems, boredom, loneliness and depression. Findings The confirmatory factor analyses showed that the proposed EGMQ (measuring enhancement, coping, social and self-gratification motives) displayed satisfactory fit and internal consistency. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that gender emerged as a significant predictor (P < 0.001) of all the dependent variables (variety, hours weekly gaming, loss of control and gaming problems) and the first step explained between 1 and 6.1% of the variance in the gaming behaviours. In the second step the four motivational dimensions explained an additional 5.8-38.8% of the variance. Coping and self-gratification predicted gaming problems (P < 0.001) and coping alone predicted loss of control (P < 0.001). The four motivational dimensions were also predicted differentially by indicators of psychosocial wellbeing, indicating divergent validity of the four motives. Conclusions The four-dimensional Electronic Gaming Motives Questionnaire is a valid instrument for measuring motives for gaming.
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Background: Eating disorder treatments are plagued by poor engagement and high drop-out. People who disengage from eating disorder treatment appear poorly motivated to change, and may benefit from adaptations of Motivational Inter...
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Background: Eating disorder treatments are plagued by poor engagement and high drop-out. People who disengage from eating disorder treatment appear poorly motivated to change, and may benefit from adaptations of Motivational Interviewing (AMIs). Objective: To investigate whether the use of interventions specifically designed to enhance motivation in the eating disorders is supported empirically. Method: Literature was reviewed for relevant studies. Results: Eight studies have investigated the efficacy of AMIs. AMIs improve motivation to change bingeing and reduce actual bingeing behavior. There was little support for AMIs for compensatory or restrictive behaviors. There was mixed evidence that AMIs may improve motivation, but little to suggest they are more effective than other approaches. Discussion: The widespread interest in using motivational approaches in the eating disorders is not strongly supported by the literature. The current evidence base does not support the widespread dissemination of motivation-enhancing interventions in the eating disorders.
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